Energetics (Triple) quiz
Energetics (T) flashcards3:01 know that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out are described as exothermic, and those in which heat energy is taken in are described as endothermic
Exothermic: chemical reaction in which heat energy is given out.
Endothermic: chemical reaction in which heat energy is taken in.
(So, in an exothermic reaction the heat exits from the chemicals so temperature rises)
3:02 describe simple calorimetry experiments for reactions such as combustion, displacement, dissolving and neutralisation
Calorimetry allows for the measurement of the amount of energy transferred in a chemical reaction to be calculated.
EXPERIMENT1: Displacement, dissolving and neutralisation reactions
Example: magnesium displacing copper from copper(II) sulfate
Method:
- 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate is measured and transferred into a polystyrene cup.
- The initial temperature of the copper sulfate solution is measured and recorded.
- Magnesium is added and the maximum temperature is measured and recorded.
- The temperature rise is then calculated. For example:
| Initial temp. of solution (oC) | Maximium temp. of solution (oC) | Temperature rise (oC) |
|---|---|---|
| 24.2 | 56.7 | 32.5 |
Note: mass of 50 cm3 of solution is 50 g
The cup used is polystyrene because:
polystyrene is an insulator which reduces heats loss
EXPERIMENT2: Combustion reactions
To measure the amount of energy produced when a fuel is burnt, the fuel is burnt and the flame is used to heat up some water in a copper container
Example: ethanol is burnt in a small spirit burner
Method:
- The initial mass of the ethanol and spirit burner is measured and recorded.
- 100cm3 of water is transferred into a copper container and the initial temperature is measured and recorded.
- The burner is placed under of copper container and then lit.
- The water is stirred constantly with the thermometer until the temperature rises by, say, 30 oC
- The flame is extinguished and the maximum temperature of the water is measured and recorded.
- The burner and the remaining ethanol is reweighed. For example:
| Mass of water (g) | Initial temp of water (oC) | Maximum temp of water (oC) | Temperature rise (oC) | Initial mass of spirit burner + ethanol (g) | Final mass of spirit burner + ethanol (g) | Mass of ethanol burnt (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 24.2 | 54.2 | 30.0 | 34.46 | 33.68 | 0.78 |
The amount of energy produced per gram of ethanol burnt can also be calculated:
3:07 (Triple only) use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction
Each type of chemical bond has a particular bond energy. The bond energy can vary slightly depending what compound the bond is in, therefore average bond energies are used to calculate the change in heat (enthalpy change, ΔH) of a reaction.
Example: dehydration of ethanol
Note: bond energy tables will always be given in the exam, e.g:
| Bond | Average bond energy in kJ/mol |
|---|---|
| H-C | 412 |
| C-C | 348 |
| O-H | 463 |
| C-O | 360 |
| C=C | 612 |
So the enthalpy change in this example can be calculated as follows:
| Breaking bonds | Making bonds | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bonds | Energy (kJ/mol) | Bonds | Energy (kJ/mol) |
| H-C x 5 | (412 x 5) = 2060 | C-H x 4 | (412 x 4) = 1648 |
| C-C | 348 | C=C | 612 |
| C-O | 360 | O-H x 2 | (463 x 2) = 926 |
| O-H | 463 | ||
| Energy needed to break all the bonds | 3231 | Energy released to make all the new bonds | 3186 |
Enthalpy change, ΔH = Energy needed to break all the bonds - Energy released to make all the new bonds ΔH = 3231 – 3186 = +45 kJ/mol (ΔH is positive so the reaction is endothermic) |
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(Triple only) Bond energy calculations – videos
Here are a couple of videos explaining how to do bond energy calculations:
3:08 practical: investigate temperature changes accompanying some of the following types of change: salts dissolving in water, neutralisation reactions, displacement reactions and combustion reactions
Calorimetry allows for the measurement of the amount of energy transferred in a chemical reaction to be calculated.
EXPERIMENT1: Displacement, dissolving and neutralisation reactions
Example: magnesium displacing copper from copper(II) sulfate
Method:
- 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate is measured and transferred into a polystyrene cup.
- The initial temperature of the copper sulfate solution is measured and recorded.
- Magnesium is added and the maximum temperature is measured and recorded.
- The temperature rise is then calculated. For example:
| Initial temp. of solution (oC) | Maximium temp. of solution (oC) | Temperature rise (oC) |
|---|---|---|
| 24.2 | 56.7 | 32.5 |
Note: mass of 50 cm3 of solution is 50 g
EXPERIMENT2: Combustion reactions
To measure the amount of energy produced when a fuel is burnt, the fuel is burnt and the flame is used to heat up some water in a copper container
Example: ethanol is burnt in a small spirit burner
Method:
- The initial mass of the ethanol and spirit burner is measured and recorded.
- 100cm3 of water is transferred into a copper container and the initial temperature is measured and recorded.
- The burner is placed under of copper container and then lit.
- The water is stirred constantly with the thermometer until the temperature rises by, say, 30 oC
- The flame is extinguished and the maximum temperature of the water is measured and recorded.
- The burner and the remaining ethanol is reweighed. For example:
| Mass of water (g) | Initial temp of water (oC) | Maximum temp of water (oC) | Temperature rise (oC) | Initial mass of spirit burner + ethanol (g) | Final mass of spirit burner + ethanol (g) | Mass of ethanol burnt (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 24.2 | 54.2 | 30.0 | 34.46 | 33.68 | 0.78 |
The amount of energy produced per gram of ethanol burnt can also be calculated: